Hiv Is A Communicable Disease

Hiv Is A Communicable Disease – According to Webber (1), infectious diseases are diseases that are easily transmitted from one person or animal to another directly or through an intermediate host. Of course, the transmission of communicable diseases depends on the individual’s susceptibility to attack.

Communicable diseases differ from non-communicable diseases in that there are organisms involved in the transmission process. Generally, communicable diseases are spread through body fluids or air.

HIV is an acronym for human immunodeficiency virus. From a study by Ngatchou (9), the choice of the word human is related to the fact that the virus only causes disease in humans. In addition, the word immunodeficiency was chosen because the body’s immune system, which is responsible for protecting individuals from disease, is weakened. HIV is a tiny organism that transmits disease to living things and replicates itself.

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HIV is a virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Research by Ngatchou (9) further shows that AIDS is a group of diseases that occur due to weak immunity. In general, people with HIV appear to be healthy for the first few years after being infected with the virus. Later, the HIV virus in the body leads to AIDS. As noted by Jamison (238), AIDS was first recognized as a disease in the 1980s and then spread rapidly to become one of the world’s killers.

In most cases, HIV is spread when someone has unprotected sex with an infected person. Arguably, this makes it extremely difficult to control HIV-related diseases (Jamison 238). However, HIV can also be transmitted through blood transfusions or the use of dirty medical equipment. To prevent transmission as a result of blood transfusion, patients should donate blood days or weeks before scheduled surgery.

Common symptoms of HIV/AIDS include but are not limited to fever, sweating, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, and shortness of breath (Chopra, Niyogi, and Katyal 66). However, the symptoms are not specific. It may also be encountered by people with illnesses other than HIV/AIDS. According to Sonenklar (10), people with HIV often show flu-like symptoms a few days after being infected.

As explained in the previous section, the symptoms of HIV / AIDS appear a few days or weeks after being infected. Based on a study by Kalichman and Evian (32), most people with HIV/AIDS appear to be healthy for the first five to ten years. After a long period of HIV infection without visible symptoms, people become sick. The earliest signs may include fever and fatigue.

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By destroying the immune system, HIV slowly destroys the body’s ability to fight infection. So the infected person becomes vulnerable to what is commonly known as opportunistic infection. Eventually, the person’s condition becomes AIDS. Short-term complications include fatigue, nausea and vomiting, sleep problems, and sexual problems. Long-term complications of HIV/AIDS include the presence of abnormal fat deposits in the body and the development of heart disease.

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If, for any reason, you believe that this content should not be published on our website, please remove it.Vol. 5, 2021September 04, 2021 BST Patient outcomes in an integrated HIV and non-communicable disease care model: a scoping review

Gausi B, Otiku P, Jacob N, Oni T. Patient outcomes in integrated HIV and non-communicable disease models of care: review scoping. Journal of Global Health Reports. 2021;5:e2021084. doi: 10.29392/001c.27094

Integrating Noncommunicable Disease Prevention And Care Into Global Health Initiatives And Universal Health Coverage

High rates of non-communicable diseases (NCD) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been reported in high HIV burden, low-resource settings. The growing epidemic of HIV and NCDs calls for the introduction of an integrated HIV and NCD care model to leverage the existing HIV care infrastructure for NCDs. There is a lack of evidence regarding the effects of integrated care on long-term patient outcomes. We sought to review the literature describing the effects of integration on long-term patient outcomes.

We reviewed the literature published between 01 Jan 2000 and 25 September 2019, which describes long-term patient outcomes in HIV and NCD integrated care models in order to understand the effect of integration on long-term patient outcomes. Relevant literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost and Web of Science. A manual search of abstracts in the International AIDS Society and the Journal of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome was also conducted.

One thousand six hundred and sixty articles were identified, 31 of which were read in full, with 11 matching criteria. Patient outcomes in four integrated care models were identified: (i) integration of NCD screening and treatment services into designated HIV centers; (ii) integration of HIV screening and treatment services into established NCD centres; (iii) simultaneous integration of HIV and NCD services in health facilities; and (iv) integrated HIV and NCD care specifically for multi-morbid patients. Studies report high rates of HIV and NCD control in various integrated care models. However, the majority of studies lacked the necessary comparator group to determine the non-inferiority of integrated treatment over non-integrated treatment.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global public health threat with nearly 40 million people living with the virus worldwide.1 With the advent and improvement of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV has become a chronic condition that can be managed with life expectancy. . of people living with HIV (PLWH) can be compared to those living with other chronic conditions.2 This increases longevity among PLWH, and the premature aging effect of HIV increases the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) comorbidities such as Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ( DM) and hypertension (HTN) with the inherent complexity of multi-morbid patients.8

The growing dual burden of HIV and NCD syndemics (epidemics occurring in the same population at the same time) calls for exploration of the integration of HIV and NCD care in primary health care to leverage existing HIV care infrastructure for NCD care in high HIV burden settings . .9, 10 Integrated care has been defined as the coordination, co-location, or simultaneous delivery of HIV and NCD services to patients who need them, when they need them. 11 Three models of integrating HIV and NCD care in primary health care have been described previously12 as follows. : model 1: Integration of NCD screening and treatment services into established HIV centers; model 2: Integration of HIV screening and treatment services into established NCD centers; and model 3: simultaneous integration of HIV and NCD services in integrated health centers. As these models do not consider multi-morbidity, the fourth model proposed by Njuguna et al9 includes integrated HIV and NCD care for PLHIV with comorbid DM or HTN or both, which can be delivered in groups (using medical adherence clubs- MAC) or individual level.

Despite increasing evidence to suggest the feasibility of integrating HIV and NCD care, little is known about the effects of such integration on long-term patient outcomes. retention in treatment, loss to follow up, HIV viral load suppression / improvement in CD4 count and markers of NCD control. It is unknown whether the integration of HIV and NCD care in primary health care improves or at least maintains these outcomes among PLHIV with multimorbidity receiving integrated HIV and NCD care. Such evidence is needed to inform program managers and health policy makers to implement, implement and scale up integrated HIV and NCD care for multi-morbid patients.

This review aims to identify the literature that describes the effects of combining HIV and NCD care on long-term patient outcomes.

Communicable Disease Programs: Hiv/std Prevention And Care

We conducted a scoping review14, 15 of the literature describing the effects of combining HIV and NCD care on long-term patient outcomes. This literature review typology has been noted to be appropriate if there is a need to identify and map the amount of literature and studies available on a specific topic, or where evidence appears but remains unclear.16 However, a rigorous and transparent methodology is required. This review follows the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley to conduct a scoping review that consists of five stages: identifying research questions, identifying relevant studies, selecting studies, creating data charts and collecting, summarizing and reporting the results. 17, 18 Review reporting. findings follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (

This review was guided by the question ‘What is the effect of combining HIV and NCD care on long-term patient outcomes?’

We conducted an initial search on the terms ‘outcomes, effects, success, effectiveness, impact, integrated HIV, non-communicable diseases, chronic disease care’ in PubMed.

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Hiv Is A Communicable Disease